The stuttering is "a stuttering or difficulty in the normal flow of speech. Causes repetitions of syllables or words or work stoppages that disrupt spasmodic verbal fluency "(Seron and Aguilar, 1992, p.294), to speech disorders are added, usually manifestations of muscle tension as hand movements, eye closure, facial gestures and body movements. It usually occurs at an early age (88% of them occurring before age 7) and is more common in men.
For objects of early diagnosis, one must distinguish between disfluency characteristic of stuttering, and the influx or inflow, which is normal in the development of children. The first would involve the repetition of sounds and syllables and their extensions, the second, repetition of phrases and words and phrases and interjections review.
Type
According to where the difficulty occurs in the joint
1. Dysphemia tone: the jam in the flow occurs at the start of talks
2. Dysphemia clone: \u200b\u200bthe hesitation occurs in the word once it has begun to talk.
3. Dysphemia tonic-clonic: a combination of the two.
According to the severity
· Light: Stutters 2% of the words, imperceptible tension, a few blocks and no more than a second in duration.
· Soft: Repeat 2-5% of the words, tension is felt, has several blocks of time less than one second.
· Regular: Repeat 5-8% of the words, some tension, regular blocks of a second. Is some associated movements and facial expression.
· Moderately severe: Stuttering 8-12% of the words. Perceptible tension, locking in two seconds.
· Severo: stutters between 12-25% of words, significant stress, block 3 and 4 seconds. Is associated movements.
· Grave: Repeat for 25% of words, a lot of tension, locks longer than 4 seconds. Is associated with many movements and gestures.
Etiology.
three models have been developed that seek to explain stuttering. They are:
Model of physiological factors.
Research in identical twins have shown a genetic predisposition to stutter, but not in all cases. Other studies have shown an induction time (VOT) higher than in normal children, as well as slower reaction times in the field manual and vocal.
psychosocial model.
The onset of stuttering, as Johnson (1984, in Aguilar, and Seron, 1992, p.296), would be given the stressful reactions to non-family influences the child's normal. In addition, the child tries to solve its inflows through various actions, which are reinforced through operant conditioning, which would explain the origin of the various signs of physical tension in the stutterer.
psycholinguistic model.
Research has estimated that at dysphemism language and vocabulary understanding involves a delay of about 6 months. In addition, repeated more conjunctions and pronouns, repeated more at the beginning of sentences, etc.. Along with this, it is interesting the relationship between the child's speech and non-acceptance by the mother, reflected in a major disruption of the child's speech.
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